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Social Ontology: Some Basic Principles1
        John R. Searle
I. The Problem of Social Ontology

The aim of this article is to explore the problem of social ontology.  The form that the exploration will take is a development of the argument that I presented in The Construction of Social Realty2.  I will summarize some of the results of that book and then develop the ideas further.
First of all, why is there a problem about social ontology at all?  We are talking about the mode of existence of social objects such as the United States of America, the San Francisco Forty Niners football team, the University of California and the Squaw Valley Property Owners Association, as well as such large-scale institutions as money or private property.  We are also talking about social facts, such as the fact that I am a citizen of the United States, that the piece of paper that I hold in my hand is a twenty dollar bill, and that France is a member of the European Union.  We are also talking about social processes and events, such as the current presidential election campaign, the collapse of communism and the last World Series.  We are talking, in short, about social facts, social objects, and social processes and events.